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* clean.sh: Allow recursive includes in src/runtime/Config * doc/*: Convert from SGML format and processing to XML Currently, catalogs are in place for Debian and RedHat which allow automated use of local files instead of the tools downloading DTDs and XSLs from their canonical URLs. I'm glad to help setup catalogs for other operating systems.
1256 lines
49 KiB
XML
1256 lines
49 KiB
XML
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="iso-8859-1"?>
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<!DOCTYPE book PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.2//EN"
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"http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.2/docbookx.dtd" [
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<!ENTITY % myents SYSTEM "entities.inc">
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%myents;
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]>
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<chapter id="ffi"><title>The Foreign Function Interface</title>
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<para>This chapter describes &SBCL;'s interface to C programs and
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libraries (and, since C interfaces are a sort of <foreignphrase>lingua
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franca</foreignphrase> of the Unix world, to other programs and libraries in
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general.)</para>
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<note><para>In the modern Lisp world, the usual term for this
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functionality is Foreign Function Interface, or <acronym>FFI</acronym>, where
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despite the mention of <quote>function</quote> in this term, <acronym>FFI</acronym> also
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refers to direct manipulation of C data structures as well as
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functions. The traditional &CMUCL; terminology is Alien Interface, and
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while that older terminology is no longer used much in the system
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documentation, it still reflected in names in the
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implementation, notably in the name of the <literal>SB-ALIEN</literal>
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package.</para></note>
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<sect1 id="ffi-intro"><title>Introduction to the Foreign Function Interface</title>
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<!-- AKA "Introduction to Aliens" in the CMU CL manual -->
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<para>
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Because of Lisp's emphasis on dynamic memory allocation and garbage
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collection, Lisp implementations use non-C-like memory representations
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for objects. This representation mismatch creates friction when a Lisp
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program must share objects with programs which expect C data. There
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are three common approaches to establishing communication:
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<itemizedlist>
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<listitem><para>The burden can be placed on the foreign program
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(and programmer) by requiring the knowledge and use of the
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representations used internally by the Lisp implementation.
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This can require a considerable amount of <quote>glue</quote> code on the
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C side, and that code tends to be sensitively dependent on the
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internal implementation details of the Lisp system.</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>The Lisp system can automatically convert objects
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back and forth between the Lisp and foreign representations.
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This is convenient, but translation becomes prohibitively slow
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when large or complex data structures must be shared. This approach
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is supported by the &SBCL; <acronym>FFI</acronym>, and used automatically
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by the when passing integers and strings.</para></listitem>
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<listitem><para>The Lisp program can directly manipulate foreign
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objects through the use of extensions to the Lisp language.
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</para></listitem>
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</itemizedlist>
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</para>
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<para>&SBCL;, like &CMUCL; before it, relies primarily on the
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automatic conversion and direct manipulation approaches. The SB-ALIEN
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package provices a facility wherein foreign values of simple scalar
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types are automatically converted and complex types are directly
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manipulated in their foreign representation. Additionally the
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lower-level System Area Pointers (or SAPs) can be used where
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necessary to provide untyped access to foreign memory.</para>
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<para>Any foreign objects that can't automatically be converted into
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Lisp values are represented by objects of type <type>alien-value</type>.
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Since Lisp is a dynamically typed language, even foreign objects must
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have a run-time type; this type information is provided by
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encapsulating the raw pointer to the foreign data within an
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<type>alien-value</type> object.</para>
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<para>The type language and operations on foreign types are
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intentionally similar to those of the C language.</para>
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</sect1>
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<sect1 id="foreign-types"><title>Foreign Types</title>
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<!-- AKA "Alien Types" in the CMU CL manual -->
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<para>Alien types have a description language based on nested list
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structure. For example the C type
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<programlisting>struct foo {
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int a;
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struct foo *b[100];
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};</programlisting>
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has the corresponding &SBCL; FFI type
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<programlisting>(struct foo
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(a int)
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(b (array (* (struct foo)) 100)))</programlisting>
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</para>
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<sect2><title>Defining Foreign Types</title>
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<para>
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Types may be either named or anonymous. With structure and union
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types, the name is part of the type specifier, allowing recursively
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defined types such as:
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<programlisting>(struct foo (a (* (struct foo))))</programlisting>
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An anonymous structure or union type is specified by using the name
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<literal>nil</literal>. The <function>with-alien</function> macro defines a local
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scope which <quote>captures</quote> any named type definitions. Other types
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are not inherently named, but can be given named abbreviations using
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the <function>define-alien-type</function> macro.
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</para>
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</sect2>
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<sect2><title>Foreign Types and Lisp Types</title>
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<para>
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The foreign types form a subsystem of the &SBCL; type system. An
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<type>alien</type> type specifier provides a way to use any foreign type as a
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Lisp type specifier. For example,
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<programlisting>(typep foo '(alien (* int)))</programlisting>
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can be used to determine whether <varname>foo</varname> is a pointer to a foreign
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<type>int</type>. <type>alien</type> type specifiers can be used in the same ways
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as ordinary Lisp type specifiers (like <type>string</type>.) Alien type
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declarations are subject to the same
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precise type checking <!-- FIXME: should be linked to id="precisetypechecking" -->
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as any other declaration.
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</para>
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<para>
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Note that the type identifiers used in the
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foreign type system overlap with native Lisp type
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specifiers in some cases. For example, the type specifier
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<type>(alien single-float)</type> is identical to <type>single-float</type>, since
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foreign floats are automatically converted to Lisp floats. When
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<function>type-of</function> is called on an alien value that is not automatically
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converted to a Lisp value, then it will return an <type>alien</type> type
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specifier.
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</para>
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</sect2>
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<sect2><title>Foreign Type Specifiers</title>
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<note><para>
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All foreign type names are exported from the <literal>sb-alien</literal>
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package. Some foreign type names are also symbols in
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the <literal>common-lisp</literal> package, in which case they are
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reexported from the <literal>sb-alien</literal> package, so that
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e.g. it is legal to refer to <type>sb-alien:single-float</type>.
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</para></note>
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<para>
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These are the basic foreign type specifiers:
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<!-- FIXME: There must be some better way of formatting definitions
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in DocBook than this. I haven't found it yet, but suggestions
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or patches would be welcome. -->
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<itemizedlist>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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The foreign type specifier <type>(* foo)</type> describes a
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pointer to an object of type <type>foo</type>. A pointed-to type
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<type>foo</type> of <type>t</type> indicates a pointer to anything,
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similar to <type>void *</type> in ANSI C. A null alien pointer can
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be detected with the <function>sb-alien:null-alien</function>
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function.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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The foreign type specifier <type>(array foo &optional dimensions)</type>
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describes array of the specified <literal>dimensions</literal>, holding
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elements of type <type>foo</type>. Note that (unlike in C) <type>(* foo)</type>
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<type>(array foo)}</type> are considered to be different types when
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type checking is done. If equivalence of pointer and array types
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is desired, it may be explicitly coerced using
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<function>sb-alien:cast</function>.
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</para>
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<para>
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Arrays are accessed using <function>sb-alien:deref</function>, passing
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the indices as additional arguments. Elements are stored in
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column-major order (as in C), so the first dimension determines
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only the size of the memory block, and not the layout of the
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higher dimensions. An array whose first dimension is variable
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may be specified by using <literal>nil</literal> as the first dimension.
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Fixed-size arrays can be allocated as array elements, structure
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slots or <function>sb-alien:with-alien</function> variables. Dynamic
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arrays can only be allocated using <function>sb-alien:make-alien</function>.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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The foreign type specifier
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<type>(sb-alien:struct name &rest fields)</type>
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describes a structure type with the specified <varname>name</varname> and
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<varname>fields</varname>. Fields are allocated at the same offsets
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used by the implementation's C compiler. If <varname>name</varname>
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is <literal>nil</literal> then the structure is anonymous.
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</para>
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<para>
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If a named foreign <type>struct</type> specifier is passed to
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<function>define-alien-type</function> or <function>with-alien</function>,
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then this defines, respectively, a new global or local foreign
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structure type. If no <varname>fields</varname> are specified, then
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the fields are taken from the current (local or global) alien
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structure type definition of <varname>name</varname>.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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The foreign type specifier
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<type>(sb-alien:union name &rest fields)</type>
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is similar to <type>sb-alien:struct</type>, but describes a union type.
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All fields are allocated at the same offset, and the size of the
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union is the size of the largest field. The programmer must
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determine which field is active from context.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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The foreign type specifier <type>(sb-alien:enum name &rest specs)</type>
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describes an enumeration type that maps between integer values
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and keywords. If <varname>name</varname> is <literal>nil</literal>, then the
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type is anonymous. Each element of the <varname>specs</varname>
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list is either a Lisp keyword, or a list <literal>(keyword value)</literal>.
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<varname>value</varname> is an integer. If <varname>value</varname> is not
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supplied, then it defaults to one greater than the value for
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the preceding spec (or to zero if it is the first spec.)
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</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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The foreign type specifier <type>(sb-alien:signed &optional bits)</type>
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specifies a signed integer with the specified number of
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<varname>bits</varname> precision. The upper limit on integer
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precision is determined by the machine's word
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size. If <varname>bits</varname> is not specified, the maximum
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size will be used.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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The foreign type specifier <type>(integer &optional bits)</type> is
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equivalent to the corresponding type specifier using
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<type>sb-alien:signed</type> instead of <type>integer</type>.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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The foreign type specifier
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<type>(sb-alien:unsigned &optional bits)</type>
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is like corresponding type specifier using <type>sb-alien:signed</type>
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except that the variable is treated as an unsigned integer.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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The foreign type specifier <type>(boolean &optional bits)</type> is
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similar to an enumeration type, but maps from Lisp <literal>nil</literal>
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and <literal>t</literal> to C <literal>0</literal> and <literal>1</literal>
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respectively. <varname>bits</varname> determines the amount of
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storage allocated to hold the truth value.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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The foreign type specifier <type>single-float</type> describes a
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floating-point number in IEEE single-precision format.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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The foreign type specifier <type>double-float</type> describes a
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floating-point number in IEEE double-precision format.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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The foreign type specifier
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<type>(function result-type &rest arg-types)</type>
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describes a foreign function that takes arguments of the specified
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<varname>arg-types</varname> and returns a result of type <type>result-type</type>.
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Note that the only context where a foreign <type>function</type> type
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is directly specified is in the argument to
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<function>sb-alien:alien-funcall</function>.
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In all other contexts, foreign functions are represented by
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foreign function pointer types: <type>(* (function ...))</type>.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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The foreign type specifier <type>sb-alien:system-area-pointer</type>
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describes a pointer which is represented in Lisp as a
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<type>system-area-pointer</type> object. &SBCL; exports this type from
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<literal>sb-alien</literal> because &CMUCL; did, but tentatively (as of
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the first draft of this section of the manual, &SBCL; 0.7.6) it is
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deprecated, since it doesn't seem to be required by user code.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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The foreign type specifier <type>sb-alien:void</type> is
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used in function types to declare that no useful value
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is returned. Using <function>alien-funcall</function>
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to call a <type>void</type> foreign function will return
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zero values.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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The foreign type specifier <type>sb-alien:c-string</type>
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is similar to <type>(* char)</type>, but is interpreted as a
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null-terminated string, and is automatically converted into a
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Lisp string when accessed; or if the pointer is C <literal>NULL</literal>
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or <literal>0</literal>, then accessing it gives Lisp <literal>nil</literal>.
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Lisp strings are stored with a trailing NUL termination, so no
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copying (either by the user or the implementation) is necessary
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when passing them to foreign code.
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</para>
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<para>
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Assigning a Lisp string to a <type>c-string</type> structure field or
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variable stores the contents of the string to the memory already
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pointed to by that variable. When a foreign object of type
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<type>(* char)</type> is assigned to a <type>c-string</type>, then the
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<type>c-string</type> pointer is assigned to. This allows
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<type>c-string</type> pointers to be initialized. For example:
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<programlisting>(cl:in-package "CL-USER") ; which USEs package "SB-ALIEN"
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(define-alien-type nil (struct foo (str c-string)))
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(defun make-foo (str) (let ((my-foo (make-alien (struct foo))))
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(setf (slot my-foo 'str) (make-alien char (length str))
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(slot my-foo 'str) str) my-foo))</programlisting>
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Storing Lisp <literal>NIL</literal> in a <type>c-string</type> writes C
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<literal>NULL</literal> to the variable.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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<listitem>
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<para>
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<literal>sb-alien</literal> also exports translations of these C type
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specifiers as foreign type specifiers:
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<type>sb-alien:char</type>,
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<type>sb-alien:short</type>,
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<type>sb-alien:int</type>,
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<type>sb-alien:long</type>,
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<type>sb-alien:unsigned-char</type>,
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<type>sb-alien:unsigned-short</type>,
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<type>sb-alien:unsigned-int</type>,
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<type>sb-alien:unsigned-long</type>,
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<type>sb-alien:float</type>, and
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<type>sb-alien:double</type>.
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</para>
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</listitem>
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</itemizedlist>
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</para>
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</sect2>
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</sect1>
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<sect1 id="foreign-values"><title>Operations On Foreign Values</title>
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<!-- AKA "Alien Operations" in the CMU CL manual -->
|
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<para>This section describes how to read foreign values as Lisp
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values, how to coerce foreign values to different kinds of foreign values, and
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how to dynamically allocate and free foreign variables.</para>
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<sect2><title>Accessing Foreign Values</title>
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<synopsis>(sb-alien:deref pointer-or-array &rest indices)</synopsis>
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<para>The <function>sb-alien:deref</function> function returns the value pointed to by
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a foreign pointer, or the value of a foreign array element. When
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dereferencing a pointer, an optional single index can be specified to
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give the equivalent of C pointer arithmetic; this index is scaled by
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the size of the type pointed to. When dereferencing an array, the
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number of indices must be the same as the number of dimensions in the
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array type. <function>deref</function> can be set with <function>setf</function> to
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assign a new value.</para>
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<synopsis>(sb-alien:slot struct-or-union &rest slot-names)</synopsis>
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<para>The <function>sb-alien:slot</function> function extracts the value of
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the slot named <varname>slot-name</varname> from a foreign <type>struct</type> or
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<type>union</type>. If <varname>struct-or-union</varname> is a pointer to a
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structure or union, then it is automatically dereferenced.
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<function>sb-alien:slot</function> can be set with <function>setf</function> to assign
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a new value. Note that <varname>slot-name</varname> is evaluated, and need
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not be a compile-time constant (but only constant slot accesses are
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efficiently compiled.)</para>
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<sect3><title>Untyped memory</title>
|
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<para>As noted at the beginning of the chapter, the System Area
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Pointer facilities allow untyped access to foreign memory. SAPs can
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|
be converted to and from the usual typed foreign values using
|
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<function>sap-alien</function> and <function>alien-sap</function>
|
|
(described elsewhere), and also to and from integers - raw machine
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addresses. They should thus be used with caution; corrupting the Lisp
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heap or other memory with SAPs is trivial.</para>
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|
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<synopsis>(sb-sys:int-sap machine-address)</synopsis>
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<para>Creates a SAP pointing at the virtual address
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<varname>machine-address</varname>. </para>
|
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<synopsis>(sb-sys:sap-ref-32 sap offset)</synopsis>
|
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|
<para>Access the value of the memory location at
|
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<varname>offset</varname> bytes from <varname>sap</varname>. This form
|
|
may also be used with <function>setf</function> to alter the memory at
|
|
that location.</para>
|
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|
|
<synopsis>(sb-sys:sap= sap1 sap2)</synopsis>
|
|
|
|
<para>Compare <varname>sap1</varname> and <varname>sap2</varname> for
|
|
equality.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>Similarly named functions exist for accessing other sizes of
|
|
word, other comparisons, and other conversions. The reader is invited
|
|
to use <function>apropos</function> and <function>describe</function>
|
|
for more details</para>
|
|
<programlisting>
|
|
(apropos "sap" :sb-sys)
|
|
</programlisting>
|
|
</sect3></sect2>
|
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|
|
<sect2><title>Coercing Foreign Values</title>
|
|
|
|
<synopsis>(sb-alien:addr alien-expr)</synopsis>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
The <function>sb-alien:addr</function> macro
|
|
returns a pointer to the location specified by
|
|
<varname>alien-expr</varname>, which must be either a foreign variable, a use of
|
|
<function>sb-alien:deref</function>, a use of <function>sb-alien:slot</function>, or a use of
|
|
<function>sb-alien:extern-alien</function>.
|
|
</para>
|
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|
|
<synopsis>(sb-alien:cast foreign-value new-type)</synopsis>
|
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|
|
<para>The <function>sb-alien:cast</function>
|
|
converts <varname>foreign-value</varname> to a new foreign value with the specified
|
|
<varname>new-type</varname>. Both types, old and new, must be foreign pointer,
|
|
array or function types. Note that the resulting Lisp
|
|
foreign variable object
|
|
is not <function>eq</function> to the
|
|
argument, but it does refer to the same foreign data bits.</para>
|
|
|
|
<synopsis>(sb-alien:sap-alien sap type)</synopsis>
|
|
|
|
<para>The <function>sb-alien:sap-alien</function> function converts <varname>sap</varname>
|
|
(a system area pointer) to a foreign value with the specified
|
|
<varname>type</varname>. <varname>type</varname> is not evaluated.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>The <varname>type</varname> must be some foreign pointer, array, or
|
|
record type.</para>
|
|
|
|
<synopsis>(sb-alien:alien-sap foreign-value type)</synopsis>
|
|
|
|
<para>The <function>sb-alien:alien-sap</function> function
|
|
returns the SAP which points to <varname>alien-value</varname>'s data.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>The <varname>foreign-value</varname> must be of some foreign pointer,
|
|
array, or record type.</para>
|
|
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
<sect2><title>Foreign Dynamic Allocation</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>Lisp code can call the C standard library functions
|
|
<function>malloc</function> and <function>free</function> to dynamically allocate and
|
|
deallocate foreign variables. The Lisp code shares the same allocator
|
|
with foreign C code, so it's OK for foreign code to call
|
|
<function>free</function> on the result of Lisp
|
|
<function>sb-alien:make-alien</function>, or for Lisp code to call
|
|
<function>sb-alien:free-alien</function> on foreign objects allocated by C
|
|
code.</para>
|
|
|
|
<synopsis>(sb-alien:make-alien type size)</synopsis>
|
|
|
|
<para>The <function>sb-alien:make-alien</function> macro
|
|
returns a dynamically allocated foreign value of the specified
|
|
<varname>type</varname> (which is not evaluated.) The allocated memory is not
|
|
initialized, and may contain arbitrary junk. If supplied,
|
|
<varname>size</varname> is an expression to evaluate to compute the size of the
|
|
allocated object. There are two major cases:
|
|
<itemizedlist>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>When <varname>type</varname> is a foreign array type, an array of
|
|
that type is allocated and a pointer to it is returned. Note that you
|
|
must use <function>deref</function> to change the result to an array before you
|
|
can use <function>deref</function> to read or write elements:
|
|
<programlisting>
|
|
(cl:in-package "CL-USER") ; which USEs package "SB-ALIEN"
|
|
(defvar *foo* (make-alien (array char 10)))
|
|
(type-of *foo*) => (alien (* (array (signed 8) 10)))
|
|
(setf (deref (deref foo) 0) 10) => 10</programlisting>
|
|
If supplied, <varname>size</varname> is used as the first dimension for the
|
|
array.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
<listitem>
|
|
<para>When <varname>type</varname> is any other foreign type, then an
|
|
object for that type is allocated, and a pointer to it is
|
|
returned. So <function>(make-alien int)</function> returns a <type>(* int)</type>.
|
|
If <varname>size</varname> is specified, then a block of that many
|
|
objects is allocated, with the result pointing to the first one.</para>
|
|
</listitem>
|
|
</itemizedlist>
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<synopsis>(sb-alien:free-alien foreign-value)</synopsis>
|
|
|
|
<para>The <function>sb-alien:free-alien</function> function
|
|
frees the storage for <varname>foreign-value</varname>,
|
|
which must have been allocated with Lisp <function>make-alien</function>
|
|
or C <function>malloc</function>.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>See also the <function>sb-alien:with-alien</function> macro, which
|
|
allocates foreign values on the stack.</para>
|
|
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
</sect1>
|
|
|
|
<sect1 id="foreign-variables"><title>Foreign Variables</title>
|
|
<!-- AKA "Alien Variables" in the CMU CL manual -->
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Both local (stack allocated) and external (C global) foreign variables are
|
|
supported.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<sect2><title>Local Foreign Variables</title>
|
|
|
|
<synopsis>(sb-alien:with-alien var-definitions &body body)</synopsis>
|
|
|
|
<para>The <function>with-alien</function>
|
|
macro establishes local
|
|
foreign variables
|
|
with the specified
|
|
alien types and names.
|
|
This form is analogous to defining a local variable in C: additional
|
|
storage is allocated, and the initial value is copied.
|
|
This form is less
|
|
analogous to LET-allocated Lisp variables, since the variables
|
|
can't be captured in closures: they live only for the dynamic extent
|
|
of the body, and referring to them outside is a gruesome error.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>The <varname>var-definitions</varname> argument is a list of
|
|
variable definitions, each of the form
|
|
<programlisting>(name type &optional initial-value)</programlisting>
|
|
The names of the variables are established as symbol-macros; the bindings have
|
|
lexical scope, and may be assigned with <function>setq</function>
|
|
or <function>setf</function>.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>The <function>with-alien</function> macro also establishes
|
|
a new scope for named structures
|
|
and unions. Any <varname>type</varname> specified for a variable may contain
|
|
named structure or union types with the slots specified. Within the
|
|
lexical scope of the binding specifiers and body, a locally defined
|
|
foreign structure type <type>foo</type> can be referenced by its name using
|
|
<type>(struct foo)</type>.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
<sect2><title>External Foreign Variables</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
External foreign names are strings, and Lisp names are symbols. When
|
|
an external foreign value is represented using a Lisp variable, there
|
|
must be a way to convert from one name syntax into the other. The
|
|
macros <function>extern-alien</function>, <function>define-alien-variable</function> and
|
|
<function>define-alien-routine</function> use this conversion heuristic:
|
|
<itemizedlist>
|
|
<listitem><para>Alien names are converted to Lisp names by uppercasing and
|
|
replacing underscores with hyphens.</para></listitem>
|
|
<listitem><para>Conversely, Lisp names are converted to alien names by
|
|
lowercasing and replacing hyphens with underscores.</para></listitem>
|
|
<listitem><para>Both the Lisp symbol and alien string names may be
|
|
separately specified by using a list of the form
|
|
<programlisting>(alien-string lisp-symbol)</programlisting></para></listitem>
|
|
</itemizedlist>
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<synopsis>(sb-alien:define-alien-variable name type)</synopsis>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
The <function>define-alien-variable</function> macro
|
|
defines <varname>name</varname> as an external foreign variable of the
|
|
specified foreign <type>type</type>. <varname>name</varname> and <type>type</type> are not
|
|
evaluated. The Lisp name of the variable (see above) becomes a
|
|
global alien variable. Global alien variables
|
|
are effectively ``global symbol macros''; a reference to the
|
|
variable fetches the contents of the external variable. Similarly,
|
|
setting the variable stores new contents---the new contents must be
|
|
of the declared <type>type</type>. Someday, they may well be implemented
|
|
using the &ANSI; <function>define-symbol-macro</function> mechanism, but
|
|
as of &SBCL; 0.7.5, they are still implemented using an older
|
|
more-or-less parallel mechanism inherited from &CMUCL;.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
For example, to access a C-level counter <varname>foo</varname>, one could
|
|
write
|
|
<programlisting>
|
|
(define-alien-variable "foo" int)
|
|
;; Now it is possible to get the value of the C variable foo simply by
|
|
;; referencing that Lisp variable:
|
|
(print foo)
|
|
(setf foo 14)
|
|
(incf foo)</programlisting>
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<synopsis>(sb-alien:get-errno)</synopsis>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Since in modern C libraries, the <varname>errno</varname> "variable" is typically
|
|
no longer a variable, but some bizarre artificial construct
|
|
which behaves superficially like a variable within a given thread,
|
|
it can no longer reliably be accessed through the ordinary
|
|
<varname>define-alien-variable</varname> mechanism. Instead, &SBCL; provides
|
|
the operator <function>sb-alien:get-errno</function> to allow Lisp code to read it.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<synopsis>(sb-alien:extern-alien name type)</synopsis>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
The <function>extern-alien</function> macro
|
|
returns an alien with the specified <type>type</type> which
|
|
points to an externally defined value. <varname>name</varname> is not evaluated,
|
|
and may be either a string or a symbol. <type>type</type> is
|
|
an unevaluated alien type specifier.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
</sect1>
|
|
|
|
<sect1 id="foreign-data-structure"><title>Foreign Data Structure Examples</title>
|
|
<!-- AKA "Alien Data Structure Example" in the CMU CL manual -->
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Now that we have alien types, operations and variables, we can manipulate
|
|
foreign data structures. This C declaration
|
|
<programlisting>
|
|
struct foo {
|
|
int a;
|
|
struct foo *b[100];
|
|
};</programlisting>
|
|
can be translated into the following alien type:
|
|
<programlisting>(define-alien-type nil
|
|
(struct foo
|
|
(a int)
|
|
(b (array (* (struct foo)) 100))))</programlisting>
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Once the <type>foo</type> alien type has been defined as above,
|
|
the C expression
|
|
<programlisting>
|
|
struct foo f;
|
|
f.b[7].a</programlisting>
|
|
can be translated in this way:
|
|
<programlisting>
|
|
(with-alien ((f (struct foo)))
|
|
(slot (deref (slot f 'b) 7) 'a)
|
|
;;
|
|
;; Do something with f...
|
|
)</programlisting>
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Or consider this example of an external C variable and some accesses:
|
|
<programlisting>
|
|
struct c_struct {
|
|
short x, y;
|
|
char a, b;
|
|
int z;
|
|
c_struct *n;
|
|
};
|
|
extern struct c_struct *my_struct;
|
|
my_struct->x++;
|
|
my_struct->a = 5;
|
|
my_struct = my_struct->n;</programlisting>
|
|
which can be manipulated in Lisp like this:
|
|
<programlisting>
|
|
(define-alien-type nil
|
|
(struct c-struct
|
|
(x short)
|
|
(y short)
|
|
(a char)
|
|
(b char)
|
|
(z int)
|
|
(n (* c-struct))))
|
|
(define-alien-variable "my_struct" (* c-struct))
|
|
(incf (slot my-struct 'x))
|
|
(setf (slot my-struct 'a) 5)
|
|
(setq my-struct (slot my-struct 'n))</programlisting>
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
</sect1>
|
|
|
|
<sect1 id="load-object"><title>Loading Unix Object Files</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Foreign object files can be loaded into the running Lisp process by
|
|
calling the functions <function>load-foreign</function> or
|
|
<function>load-1-foreign</function>.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para> The <function>sb-alien:load-1-foreign</function> function is the more
|
|
primitive of the two operations. It loads a single object file. into
|
|
the currently running Lisp. The external symbols defining routines and
|
|
variables are made available for future external references (e.g. by
|
|
<function>extern-alien</function>). Forward references to foreign symbols
|
|
aren't supported: <function>load-1-foreign</function> must be run before any
|
|
of the defined symbols are referenced.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para><function>sb-alien:load-foreign</function> is built in terms of
|
|
<function>load-1-foreign</function> and some other machinery
|
|
like <function>sb-ext:run-program</function>.
|
|
It accepts a list of files and libraries,
|
|
and runs the linker on the files and
|
|
libraries, creating an absolute Unix object file which is then
|
|
processed by <function>load-1-foreign</function>.</para>
|
|
|
|
<note><para>As of &SBCL; 0.7.5, all foreign code (code loaded
|
|
with <function>load-1-function</function> or <function>load-function</function>) is
|
|
lost when a Lisp core is saved with
|
|
<function>sb-ext:save-lisp-and-die</function>, and no attempt is made to
|
|
restore it when the core is loaded. Historically this has been an
|
|
annoyance both for &SBCL; users and for &CMUCL; users.
|
|
It's hard to solve this problem completely cleanly, but some
|
|
generally-reliable partial solution might be useful. Once someone in
|
|
either camp gets sufficiently annoyed to create it, &SBCL; is
|
|
likely to adopt some mechanism for automatically restoring foreign
|
|
code when a saved core is loaded.</para></note>
|
|
|
|
</sect1>
|
|
|
|
<sect1 id="foreign-function-calls"><title>Foreign Function Calls</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
The foreign function call interface allows a Lisp program to call
|
|
many functions written in languages that use the C calling convention.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Lisp sets up various signal handling routines and other environment
|
|
information when it first starts up, and expects these to be in place
|
|
at all times. The C functions called by Lisp should not change the
|
|
environment, especially the signal handlers: the signal handlers
|
|
installed by Lisp typically have interesting flags set (e.g to request
|
|
machine context information, or for signal delivery on an alternate
|
|
stack) which the Lisp runtime relies on for correct operation.
|
|
Precise details of how this works may change without notice between
|
|
versions; the source, or the brain of a friendly &SBCL; developer,
|
|
is the only documentation. Users of a Lisp built with the :sb-thread
|
|
feature should also read the Threading section
|
|
<!-- FIXME I'm sure docbook has some syntax for internal links -->
|
|
of this manual</para>
|
|
|
|
<sect2><title>The <function>alien-funcall</function> Primitive</title>
|
|
|
|
<synopsis>(sb-alien:alien-funcall alien-function &rest arguments)</synopsis>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
The <function>alien-funcall</function> function is the foreign function call
|
|
primitive: <varname>alien-function</varname> is called with the supplied
|
|
<varname>arguments</varname> and its C return value is returned as a Lisp value.
|
|
The <varname>alien-function</varname> is an arbitrary
|
|
run-time expression; to refer to a constant function, use
|
|
<function>extern-alien</function> or a value defined by
|
|
<function>define-alien-routine</function>.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
The type of <function>alien-function</function>
|
|
must be <type>(alien (function ...))</type>
|
|
or <type>(alien (* (function ...)))</type>.
|
|
The function type is used to
|
|
determine how to call the function (as though it was declared with
|
|
a prototype.) The type need not be known at compile time, but only
|
|
known-type calls are efficiently compiled. Limitations:
|
|
<itemizedlist>
|
|
<listitem><para>Structure type return values are not implemented.</para></listitem>
|
|
<listitem><para>Passing of structures by value is not implemented.</para></listitem>
|
|
</itemizedlist>
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Here is an example which allocates a <type>(struct foo)</type>, calls a foreign
|
|
function to initialize it, then returns a Lisp vector of all the
|
|
<type>(* (struct foo))</type> objects filled in by the foreign call:
|
|
<programlisting>
|
|
;; Allocate a foo on the stack.
|
|
(with-alien ((f (struct foo)))
|
|
;; Call some C function to fill in foo fields.
|
|
(alien-funcall (extern-alien "mangle_foo" (function void (* foo)))
|
|
(addr f))
|
|
;; Find how many foos to use by getting the A field.
|
|
(let* ((num (slot f 'a))
|
|
(result (make-array num)))
|
|
;; Get a pointer to the array so that we don't have to keep extracting it:
|
|
(with-alien ((a (* (array (* (struct foo)) 100)) (addr (slot f 'b))))
|
|
;; Loop over the first N elements and stash them in the result vector.
|
|
(dotimes (i num)
|
|
(setf (svref result i) (deref (deref a) i)))
|
|
;; Voila.
|
|
result)))</programlisting>
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
<sect2><title>The <function>define-alien-routine</function> Macro</title>
|
|
|
|
<synopsis>(sb-alien:define-alien-routine} name result-type &rest arg-specifiers)</synopsis>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
The <function>define-alien-routine</function> macro is a convenience
|
|
for automatically generating Lisp
|
|
interfaces to simple foreign functions. The primary feature is the
|
|
parameter style specification, which translates the C
|
|
pass-by-reference idiom into additional return values.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
<varname>name</varname> is usually a string external symbol, but may also be a
|
|
symbol Lisp name or a list of the foreign name and the Lisp name.
|
|
If only one name is specified, the other is automatically derived
|
|
as for <function>extern-alien</function>.
|
|
<varname>result-type</varname> is the alien type of the return value.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Each element of the <varname>arg-specifiers</varname> list
|
|
specifies an argument to the foreign function, and is
|
|
of the form
|
|
<programlisting>(aname atype &optional style)</programlisting>
|
|
<varname>aname</varname> is the symbol name of the argument to the constructed
|
|
function (for documentation). <varname>atype</varname> is the alien type of
|
|
corresponding foreign argument. The semantics of the actual call
|
|
are the same as for <function>alien-funcall</function>. <varname>style</varname>
|
|
specifies how this argument should be handled at call and return time,
|
|
and should be one of the following
|
|
<itemizedlist>
|
|
<listitem><para><varname>:in</varname>specifies that the argument is
|
|
passed by value. This is the default. <varname>:in</varname> arguments
|
|
have no corresponding return value from the Lisp function.
|
|
</para></listitem>
|
|
<listitem><para><varname>:copy</varname> is similar to <varname>:in</varname>,
|
|
but the argument is copied
|
|
to a pre-allocated object and a pointer to this object is passed
|
|
to the foreign routine.</para></listitem>
|
|
<listitem><para><varname>:out</varname> specifies a pass-by-reference
|
|
output value. The type of the argument must be a pointer to
|
|
a fixed-sized object (such as an integer or pointer).
|
|
<varname>:out</varname> and <varname>:in-out</varname> style cannot
|
|
be used with pointers to arrays, records or functions. An
|
|
object of the correct size is allocated on the stack, and
|
|
its address is passed to the foreign function. When the
|
|
function returns, the contents
|
|
of this location are returned as one of the values of the Lisp
|
|
function (and the location is automatically deallocated).
|
|
</para></listitem>
|
|
<listitem><para><varname>:in-out</varname> is a combination of
|
|
<varname>:copy</varname> and <varname>:out</varname>.
|
|
The argument is copied to a pre-allocated object and a pointer to
|
|
this object is passed to the foreign routine. On return, the
|
|
contents of this location is returned as an additional value.
|
|
</para></listitem>
|
|
</itemizedlist>
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<note>
|
|
<para>
|
|
Any efficiency-critical foreign interface function should be inline
|
|
expanded, which can be done by preceding the
|
|
<function>define-alien-routine</function> call with:
|
|
<programlisting>(declaim (inline lisp-name))</programlisting>
|
|
In addition to avoiding the Lisp call overhead, this allows
|
|
pointers, word-integers and floats to be passed using non-descriptor
|
|
representations, avoiding consing.)
|
|
</para>
|
|
</note>
|
|
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
<sect2><title><function>define-alien-routine</function> Example</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Consider the C function <function>cfoo</function>
|
|
with the following calling convention:
|
|
<programlisting>
|
|
void
|
|
cfoo (str, a, i)
|
|
char *str;
|
|
char *a; /* update */
|
|
int *i; /* out */
|
|
{
|
|
/* body of cfoo(...) */
|
|
}</programlisting>
|
|
This can be described by the following call to
|
|
<function>define-alien-routine</function>:
|
|
<programlisting>
|
|
(define-alien-routine "cfoo" void
|
|
(str c-string)
|
|
(a char :in-out)
|
|
(i int :out))</programlisting>
|
|
The Lisp function <function>cfoo</function> will have
|
|
two arguments (<varname>str</varname> and <varname>a</varname>)
|
|
and two return values (<varname>a</varname> and <varname>i</varname>).
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
<sect2><title>Calling Lisp From C</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Calling Lisp functions from C is sometimes possible, but is extremely
|
|
hackish and poorly supported as of &SBCL; 0.7.5.
|
|
See <function>funcall0</function> ... <function>funcall3</function> in
|
|
the runtime system. The
|
|
arguments must be valid &SBCL; object descriptors (so that
|
|
e.g. fixnums must be
|
|
left-shifted by 2.) As of &SBCL; 0.7.5, the format
|
|
of object descriptors is documented only by the source code and, in parts,
|
|
by the old &CMUCL; "INTERNALS" documentation.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para> Note that the garbage collector moves objects, and won't be
|
|
able to fix up any references in C variables. There are three
|
|
mechanisms for coping with this:
|
|
<orderedlist>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>The <function>sb-ext:purify</function> moves all live Lisp
|
|
data into static or read-only areas such that it will never be moved
|
|
(or freed) again in the life of the Lisp session</para></listitem>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para><function>sb-sys:with-pinned-objects</function> is a
|
|
macro which arranges for some set of objects to be pinned in memory
|
|
for the dynamic extent of its body forms. On ports which use the
|
|
generational garbage collector (as of &SBCL; 0.8.3, only the x86) this
|
|
has a page granularity - i.e. the entire 4k page or pages containing
|
|
the objects will be locked down. On other ports it is implemented by
|
|
turning off GC for the duration (so could be said to have a
|
|
whole-world granularity). </para></listitem>
|
|
|
|
<listitem><para>Disable GC, using the <function>without-gcing</function>
|
|
macro or <function>gc-off</function> call.</para></listitem>
|
|
</orderedlist>
|
|
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<!-- FIXME: This is a "changebar" section from the CMU CL manual.
|
|
I (WHN 2002-07-14) am not very familiar with this content, so
|
|
I'm not immediately prepared to try to update it for SBCL, and
|
|
I'm not feeling masochistic enough to work to encourage this
|
|
kind of low-level hack anyway. However, I acknowledge that callbacks
|
|
are sometimes really really necessary, so I include the original
|
|
text in case someone is hard-core enough to benefit from it. If
|
|
anyone brings the information up to date for SBCL, it belong
|
|
either in the main manual or on a CLiki SBCL Internals page.
|
|
LaTeX \subsection{Accessing Lisp Arrays}
|
|
LaTeX
|
|
LaTeX Due to the way \cmucl{} manages memory, the amount of memory that can
|
|
LaTeX be dynamically allocated by \code{malloc} or \funref{make-alien} is
|
|
LaTeX limited\footnote{\cmucl{} mmaps a large piece of memory for it's own
|
|
LaTeX use and this memory is typically about 8 MB above the start of the C
|
|
LaTeX heap. Thus, only about 8 MB of memory can be dynamically
|
|
LaTeX allocated.}.
|
|
|
|
Empirically determined to be considerably >8Mb on this x86 linux
|
|
machine, but I don't know what the actual values are - dan 2003.09.01
|
|
|
|
Note that this technique is used in SB-GROVEL in the SBCL contrib
|
|
|
|
LaTeX
|
|
LaTeX To overcome this limitation, it is possible to access the content of
|
|
LaTeX Lisp arrays which are limited only by the amount of physical memory
|
|
LaTeX and swap space available. However, this technique is only useful if
|
|
LaTeX the foreign function takes pointers to memory instead of allocating
|
|
LaTeX memory for itself. In latter case, you will have to modify the
|
|
LaTeX foreign functions.
|
|
LaTeX
|
|
LaTeX This technique takes advantage of the fact that \cmucl{} has
|
|
LaTeX specialized array types (\pxlref{specialized-array-types}) that match
|
|
LaTeX a typical C array. For example, a \code{(simple-array double-float
|
|
LaTeX (100))} is stored in memory in essentially the same way as the C
|
|
LaTeX array \code{double x[100]} would be. The following function allows us
|
|
LaTeX to get the physical address of such a Lisp array:
|
|
LaTeX \begin{example}
|
|
LaTeX (defun array-data-address (array)
|
|
LaTeX "Return the physical address of where the actual data of an array is
|
|
LaTeX stored.
|
|
LaTeX
|
|
LaTeX ARRAY must be a specialized array type in CMU Lisp. This means ARRAY
|
|
LaTeX must be an array of one of the following types:
|
|
LaTeX
|
|
LaTeX double-float
|
|
LaTeX single-float
|
|
LaTeX (unsigned-byte 32)
|
|
LaTeX (unsigned-byte 16)
|
|
LaTeX (unsigned-byte 8)
|
|
LaTeX (signed-byte 32)
|
|
LaTeX (signed-byte 16)
|
|
LaTeX (signed-byte 8)
|
|
LaTeX "
|
|
LaTeX (declare (type (or #+signed-array (array (signed-byte 8))
|
|
LaTeX #+signed-array (array (signed-byte 16))
|
|
LaTeX #+signed-array (array (signed-byte 32))
|
|
LaTeX (array (unsigned-byte 8))
|
|
LaTeX (array (unsigned-byte 16))
|
|
LaTeX (array (unsigned-byte 32))
|
|
LaTeX (array single-float)
|
|
LaTeX (array double-float))
|
|
LaTeX array)
|
|
LaTeX (optimize (speed 3) (safety 0))
|
|
LaTeX (ext:optimize-interface (safety 3)))
|
|
LaTeX ;; with-array-data will get us to the actual data. However, because
|
|
LaTeX ;; the array could have been displaced, we need to know where the
|
|
LaTeX ;; data starts.
|
|
LaTeX (lisp::with-array-data ((data array)
|
|
LaTeX (start)
|
|
LaTeX (end))
|
|
LaTeX (declare (ignore end))
|
|
LaTeX ;; DATA is a specialized simple-array. Memory is laid out like this:
|
|
LaTeX ;;
|
|
LaTeX ;; byte offset Value
|
|
LaTeX ;; 0 type code (should be 70 for double-float vector)
|
|
LaTeX ;; 4 4 * number of elements in vector
|
|
LaTeX ;; 8 1st element of vector
|
|
LaTeX ;; ... ...
|
|
LaTeX ;;
|
|
LaTeX (let ((addr (+ 8 (logandc1 7 (kernel:get-lisp-obj-address data))))
|
|
LaTeX (type-size (let ((type (array-element-type data)))
|
|
LaTeX (cond ((or (equal type '(signed-byte 8))
|
|
LaTeX (equal type '(unsigned-byte 8)))
|
|
LaTeX 1)
|
|
LaTeX ((or (equal type '(signed-byte 16))
|
|
LaTeX (equal type '(unsigned-byte 16)))
|
|
LaTeX 2)
|
|
LaTeX ((or (equal type '(signed-byte 32))
|
|
LaTeX (equal type '(unsigned-byte 32)))
|
|
LaTeX 4)
|
|
LaTeX ((equal type 'single-float)
|
|
LaTeX 4)
|
|
LaTeX ((equal type 'double-float)
|
|
LaTeX 8)
|
|
LaTeX (t
|
|
LaTeX (error "Unknown specialized array element type"))))))
|
|
LaTeX (declare (type (unsigned-byte 32) addr)
|
|
LaTeX (optimize (speed 3) (safety 0) (ext:inhibit-warnings 3)))
|
|
LaTeX (system:int-sap (the (unsigned-byte 32)
|
|
LaTeX (+ addr (* type-size start)))))))
|
|
LaTeX \end{example}
|
|
LaTeX
|
|
LaTeX Assume we have the C function below that we wish to use:
|
|
LaTeX \begin{example}
|
|
LaTeX double dotprod(double* x, double* y, int n)
|
|
LaTeX \{
|
|
LaTeX int k;
|
|
LaTeX double sum = 0;
|
|
LaTeX
|
|
LaTeX for (k = 0; k < n; ++k) \{
|
|
LaTeX sum += x[k] * y[k];
|
|
LaTeX \}
|
|
LaTeX \}
|
|
LaTeX \end{example}
|
|
LaTeX The following example generates two large arrays in Lisp, and calls the C
|
|
LaTeX function to do the desired computation. This would not have been
|
|
LaTeX possible using \code{malloc} or \code{make-alien} since we need about
|
|
LaTeX 16 MB of memory to hold the two arrays.
|
|
LaTeX \begin{example}
|
|
LaTeX (define-alien-routine "dotprod" double
|
|
LaTeX (x (* double-float) :in)
|
|
LaTeX (y (* double-float) :in)
|
|
LaTeX (n int :in))
|
|
LaTeX
|
|
LaTeX (let ((x (make-array 1000000 :element-type 'double-float))
|
|
LaTeX (y (make-array 1000000 :element-type 'double-float)))
|
|
LaTeX ;; Initialize X and Y somehow
|
|
LaTeX (let ((x-addr (system:int-sap (array-data-address x)))
|
|
LaTeX (y-addr (system:int-sap (array-data-address y))))
|
|
LaTeX (dotprod x-addr y-addr 1000000)))
|
|
LaTeX \end{example}
|
|
LaTeX In this example, it may be useful to wrap the inner \code{let}
|
|
LaTeX expression in an \code{unwind-protect} that first turns off garbage
|
|
LaTeX collection and then turns garbage collection on afterwards. This will
|
|
LaTeX prevent garbage collection from moving \code{x} and \code{y} after we
|
|
LaTeX have obtained the (now erroneous) addresses but before the call to
|
|
LaTeX \code{dotprod} is made.
|
|
LaTeX
|
|
-->
|
|
|
|
</sect2>
|
|
|
|
</sect1>
|
|
|
|
<sect1 id="ffi-example"><title>Step-By-Step Example of the Foreign Function Interface</title>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
This section presents a complete example of an interface to a somewhat
|
|
complicated C function.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Suppose you have the following C function which you want to be able to
|
|
call from Lisp in the file <filename>test.c</filename>
|
|
<programlisting>
|
|
struct c_struct
|
|
{
|
|
int x;
|
|
char *s;
|
|
};
|
|
|
|
struct c_struct *c_function (i, s, r, a)
|
|
int i;
|
|
char *s;
|
|
struct c_struct *r;
|
|
int a[10];
|
|
{
|
|
int j;
|
|
struct c_struct *r2;
|
|
|
|
printf("i = %d\n", i);
|
|
printf("s = %s\n", s);
|
|
printf("r->x = %d\n", r->x);
|
|
printf("r->s = %s\n", r->s);
|
|
for (j = 0; j < 10; j++) printf("a[%d] = %d.\n", j, a[j]);
|
|
r2 = (struct c_struct *) malloc (sizeof(struct c_struct));
|
|
r2->x = i + 5;
|
|
r2->s = "a C string";
|
|
return(r2);
|
|
};</programlisting>
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
It is possible to call this C function from Lisp using the file
|
|
<filename>test.lisp</filename> containing
|
|
<programlisting>
|
|
(cl:defpackage "TEST-C-CALL" (:use "CL" "SB-ALIEN" "SB-C-CALL"))
|
|
(cl:in-package "TEST-C-CALL")
|
|
|
|
;;; Define the record C-STRUCT in Lisp.
|
|
(define-alien-type nil
|
|
(struct c-struct
|
|
(x int)
|
|
(s c-string)))
|
|
|
|
;;; Define the Lisp function interface to the C routine. It returns a
|
|
;;; pointer to a record of type C-STRUCT. It accepts four parameters:
|
|
;;; I, an int; S, a pointer to a string; R, a pointer to a C-STRUCT
|
|
;;; record; and A, a pointer to the array of 10 ints.
|
|
;;;
|
|
;;; The INLINE declaration eliminates some efficiency notes about heap
|
|
;;; allocation of alien values.
|
|
(declaim (inline c-function))
|
|
(define-alien-routine c-function
|
|
(* (struct c-struct))
|
|
(i int)
|
|
(s c-string)
|
|
(r (* (struct c-struct)))
|
|
(a (array int 10)))
|
|
|
|
;;; a function which sets up the parameters to the C function and
|
|
;;; actually calls it
|
|
(defun call-cfun ()
|
|
(with-alien ((ar (array int 10))
|
|
(c-struct (struct c-struct)))
|
|
(dotimes (i 10) ; Fill array.
|
|
(setf (deref ar i) i))
|
|
(setf (slot c-struct 'x) 20)
|
|
(setf (slot c-struct 's) "a Lisp string")
|
|
|
|
(with-alien ((res (* (struct c-struct))
|
|
(c-function 5 "another Lisp string" (addr c-struct) ar)))
|
|
(format t "~&back from C function~%")
|
|
(multiple-value-prog1
|
|
(values (slot res 'x)
|
|
(slot res 's))
|
|
|
|
;; Deallocate result. (after we are done referring to it:
|
|
;; "Pillage, *then* burn.")
|
|
(free-alien res)))))</programlisting>
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
To execute the above example, it is necessary to compile the C routine,
|
|
e.g.:
|
|
<userinput>cc -c test.c</userinput>
|
|
(In order to enable incremental loading with some linkers, you may need
|
|
to say
|
|
<userinput>cc -G 0 -c test.c</userinput>)
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Once the C code has been compiled, you can start up Lisp and load it in:
|
|
<userinput>sbcl</userinput>.
|
|
Lisp should start up with its normal prompt.</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Within Lisp,
|
|
compile the Lisp file. (This step can be done separately. You don't
|
|
have to recompile every time.)
|
|
<userinput>(compile-file "test.lisp")</userinput>
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Within Lisp, load the foreign object file to define the necessary
|
|
symbols:
|
|
<userinput>(load-foreign "test.o")</userinput>.
|
|
This must be done before loading any code that refers
|
|
to these symbols.
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
Now you can load the compiled Lisp ("fasl") file into Lisp:
|
|
<userinput>(load "test.fasl")</userinput>
|
|
And once the Lisp file is loaded, you can call the
|
|
Lisp routine that sets up the parameters and calls the C
|
|
function:
|
|
<userinput>(test-c-call::call-cfun)</userinput>
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
<para>
|
|
The C routine should print the following information to standard output:
|
|
<!-- FIXME: What should be here is a verbatim environment for computer
|
|
output, but since I don't know one in DocBook, I made do with
|
|
PROGRAMLISTING for now... -->
|
|
<programlisting>i = 5
|
|
s = another Lisp string
|
|
r->x = 20
|
|
r->s = a Lisp string
|
|
a[0] = 0.
|
|
a[1] = 1.
|
|
a[2] = 2.
|
|
a[3] = 3.
|
|
a[4] = 4.
|
|
a[5] = 5.
|
|
a[6] = 6.
|
|
a[7] = 7.
|
|
a[8] = 8.
|
|
a[9] = 9.</programlisting>
|
|
After return from the C function,
|
|
the Lisp wrapper function should print the following output:
|
|
<programlisting>back from C function</programlisting>
|
|
And upon return from the Lisp wrapper function,
|
|
before the next prompt is printed, the
|
|
Lisp read-eval-print loop should print the following return values:
|
|
<!-- FIXME: As above, it's not a program listing, but computer output... -->
|
|
<programlisting>
|
|
10
|
|
"a C string"
|
|
</programlisting>
|
|
</para>
|
|
|
|
</sect1>
|
|
|
|
</chapter>
|